Low Field NMR Water Cut Metering
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We have developed a new on line water cut meter using low field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) technology. This instrument is designed for use on heavy oil systems where conventional instruments experience difficulties.We present laboratory and field data for application of low field NMR to water cut measurements of bitumen/water mixtures. Data from successful field tests near Cold Lake, Alberta, Canada, shows that the instrument is capable of making water cut measurements over a wide range of fluid types and temperatures. We have successfully measured fluid streams with temperatures ranging from 60 to 150 degrees Centigrade and with water cut ranging from 40 to 95 percent. The instrument is capable of functioning accurately over a wide range of emulsions and/or foams and through significant variations of water salinity.The current application is for water cut measurements on a well site. However, the instrument can be applied in any system where heavy oil, bitumen, water, gas and solid systems may be encountered. It can be used for water cut and/or for three phase (oil/water/gas) volume fraction measurements. The instrument is equally capable of performing well site monitoring for regulatory/reconciliation purposes, for characterizing produced fluids, in separation, pipelining and upgrading processes for process control and for quality testing.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".