association for european paediatric cardiology, association européene pour la cardiologie pédiatrique, xxxix annual meeting, munich, 19–22 may, 2004
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objectives: Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is a congenital heart disease due to a malaligned septum resulting in a ventricular septum defect, an overriding aorta, subpulmonary stenosis and right ventricular hypertrophy.In this study we attempt to caracterize the mechanisms which lead to subpulmonary tissue remodeling.Methods: Tissue was harvested from eight patients with TOF (mean age: 5.4 years, range: 1.5-14.1 years) during cardiac surgery and was paraffin embedded or frozen in liquid nitrogen.Cells were caracterized using immunohistochemistry for troponin I, smooth muscle actin and von Willebrand factor.Differentiation was assessed with a skeletal muscle actin antibody.Real time quantitative RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and Western blots were performed in order to examine the expression of markers of proliferation (PCNA) and apoptosis (caspase 3, Bcl-2, Bax, Bcl-xL and Bad), and various growth factors (IGF-I, IGF-II and TGF-1 and -2).Results: The investigated samples contained high protein levels of troponin I and muscle actin, confirming that the majority of cells were cardiomyocytes.These cells stained positive for PCNA, indicating active proliferation.Furthermore, staining of endothelial cells for von Willebrand factor proved that the tissue was highly vascularized.Analysis of growth modulators by Western blotting showed the presence of high levels of TGF-1 and -2, mild staining of IGF-II and the IGF-I receptor, and absence of IGF-I.We were also able to identify the presence of caspase 3 positive cells, showing apoptosis in these samples in spite of a high level of Bcl-xL expression and a low level of Bad.Bcl-2 and Bax were negative.Conclusions: These data indicate that the right infundibular region in patients with TOF is actively remodeling.This involves both proliferation and apoptosis and our results suggest that the process is modulated by TGF-1 and -2.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.073 | 0.030 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".