Bibliographic record
Abstract
An induced trench installation was instrumented to measure earth pressures both within the embankment and on the pipe. Deformations of the pipe and settlements within the embankment also were monitored. At the full height of the embankment, the average vertical and horizontal stress on the culvert remained relatively constant at 0.32 and 0.48 times the overburden stress, respectively. The pressures measured directly on the pipe compare favorably with other case histories presented within the literature and are in good agreement with the observed vertical elongation of the culvert. Pressure cells positioned within the embankment measured stresses roughly equal to the overburden stresses and indicate no significant redistribution of stresses other than those observed immediately around the pipe. The relative settlements within the embankment, above the induced trench installation, correspond with the design assumption that the fill within the prism of soil over the pipe settles downward relative to the adjacent fill. However, the recommended settlement ratio parameter used in the analysis, on the basis of geometry alone, may be questionable. That higher-than-expected lateral stresses on the pipe need to be considered in design was confirmed. Marston's formula and lower-bound input parameters appear to give a conservative estimate of the vertical loads on buried pipes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".