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Polyaluminum Chlorides

2000· other· en· W4253403357 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueKirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology · 2000
Typeother
Languageen
FieldEngineering
TopicBauxite Residue and Utilization
Canadian institutionsNalco (Canada)
Fundersnot available
KeywordsChlorideHydroxideAluminiumAqueous solutionCorrosionChemistryMaterials scienceChemical engineeringInorganic chemistryOrganic chemistry

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Abstract Aluminum chloride hydroxide, AlCl(OH) 2 , AlCl 2 (OH), products, commonly known as polyaluminum chlorides (PAC), are used for a wide variety of industrial applications. Other names for PAC are basic aluminum chloride, polybasic aluminum chloride, aluminum hydroxychloride, aluminum oxychloride, and aluminum chlorohydrate. The presence of polymeric, aluminum‐containing cations, the distribution of which can differ greatly, typifies PAC products. Commercially, PAC has been used in water and wastewater treatment in Japan, the former USSR, and Europe since about 1970, and in the United States since the early 1980s. Aluminum chlorohydrate, Al 2 Cl(OH) 5 , a specialty PAC product, has been utilized as an antiperspirant for over 50 years. Physical and chemical properties of the numerous PAC products can vary considerably. PAC products are usually aqueous solutions, although solid products are also sold. Solutions range from colorless to amber and from clear to hazy in appearance. A generic manufacturing process for PAC involves the addition of base to aluminum chloride solution. A common process for the manufacture of aluminum chlorohydrate involves the addition of metallic Al to aluminum chloride. Liquid polyaluminum chloride is acidic and corrosive to common metals. Suitable materials for construction of storage and handling facilities include synthetic rubber‐lined steel, corrosion‐resistant fiber glass‐reinforced plastics (FRP), ceramics, tetrafluoroethylene polymer (PTFE), and others. Polyaluminum chloride products used in the treatment of potable (drinking) water must be approved by the National Sanitation Foundation (NSF). Aluminum chlorohydrate for topical use as an antiperspirant is regulated by the FDA.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesMeta-epidemiology (narrow), Research integrity, Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Not applicable · Consensus signal: Not applicable
GenreCandidate signal: Other · Consensus signal: Other
Teacher disagreement score0.356
Threshold uncertainty score1.000

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0010.000
Bibliometrics0.0010.001
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0020.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0020.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.003
GPT teacher head0.195
Teacher spread0.191 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it