Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Aluminum chloride hydroxide, AlCl(OH)2, AlCl2(OH), products, commonly known as polyaluminum chlorides (PAC), are used for a wide variety of industrial applications. Other names for PAC are basic aluminum chloride, polybasic aluminum chloride, aluminum hydroxychloride, aluminum oxychloride, and aluminum chlorohydrate. The presence of polymeric, aluminum‐containing cations, the distribution of which can differ greatly, typifies PAC products. Commercially, PAC has been used in water and wastewater treatment in Japan, the former USSR, and Europe since about 1970, and in the United States since the early 1980s. Aluminum chlorohydrate, Al2Cl(OH)5, a specialty PAC product, has been utilized as an antiperspirant for over 50 years. Physical and chemical properties of the numerous PAC products can vary considerably. PAC products are usually aqueous solutions, although solid products are also sold. Solutions range from colorless to amber and from clear to hazy in appearance. A generic manufacturing process for PAC involves the addition of base to aluminum chloride solution. A common process for the manufacture of aluminum chlorohydrate involves the addition of metallic Al to aluminum chloride. Liquid polyaluminum chloride is acidic and corrosive to common metals. Suitable materials for construction of storage and handling facilities include synthetic rubber‐lined steel, corrosion‐resistant fiber glass‐reinforced plastics (FRP), ceramics, tetrafluoroethylene polymer (PTFE), and others. Polyaluminum chloride products used in the treatment of potable (drinking) water must be approved by the National Sanitation Foundation (NSF). Aluminum chlorohydrate for topical use as an antiperspirant is regulated by the FDA.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.020 | 0.020 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".