Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Species in the phylum Spirochaetes (order: Spirochaetales) are thin, spiral‐shaped or wave‐like, highly motile bacteria that are best visualised by darkfield microscopy. Spirochaetes are Gram‐negative‐like, in that they possess inner and outer membranes separated by a peptidoglycan‐containing periplasmic space. Beyond these ultrastructural similarities, few parallels exist with conventional Gram‐negative bacteria. There have been more than 90 spirochaete species identified, including the well‐known pathogenic, disease‐causing species Treponema pallidum (syphilis), Leptospira sp. (leptospirosis) and Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease). The phylogenetic relationship among spirochaetes is evident at the level of gross phenotypic characteristics, which include a distinctive morphology derived from the presence of periplasmic flagella. In this article, the authors describe the genomic, physiologic, structural and functional features that make Spirochaetes unique among the prokaryotes. Key Concepts: Spirochaetes are a genetically and morphologically distinct group of bacteria. Spirochaetes are thin spiral‐shaped or wave‐like bacteria that are highly motile. Endoflagella/periplasmic flagella provide spirochaetes with their characteristic corkscrew‐like motility. Spirochaetes differ from typical Gram‐negative bacteria at the ultrastructural level. Spirochaetes are chemo‐organotrophic, grow in diverse conditions and are comprised of both pathogenic and nonpathogenic members. Complete genome sequencing has allowed for the characterisation and differentiation of spirochaetes at the genetic level. Medically important spirochaetes belong to the three genera Borrelia , Leptospira and Treponema .
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.013 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".