Bibliographic record
Abstract
Clinicians commonly participate in three types of coding: (1) a code that characterizes the diagnosis of the patient, (2) a code that is intended for billing for evaluation and management (E/M coding), and (3) a code for a procedure, if performed.This discussion will focus on codes for diagnoses and procedures. DIAGNOSTIC CODING: BACKGROUNDThe diagnostic code set required by the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) and third-party payers for reimbursement is the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), administered in its primary form by the World Health Organization (WHO).In the United States, the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM), released in 1979 is used, although International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10) codes are used for death certificates.In addition to the necessity of the ICD code for reimbursement, these codes are used to assess the morbidity and mortality of diseases that directly influence public health policy, epidemiologic research, quality-of-care measures, and even emerging bioterrorism threats.For these reasons, accurate coding is an important physician obligation.Because of the expansion of medical knowledge in the past few decades, the codes provided by ICD-9 have proven to be inadequate.ICD-10 (released in 1994) was created to allow for greater diagnostic possibilities and is currently used in more than 100 countries around the world.The clinical modification of the 10th revision (ICD-10-CM) is scheduled to be implemented in the United States in October 2014. STRUCTURES OF ICD-9-CM AND ICD-10-CM:A BRIEF OVERVIEW ICD-9-CM characterizes disease entities with a 3-digit code followed by a decimal point and the possibility of 2 additional digits for greater specificity.Thus, 345 is the group for epilepsy and recurrent seizures, and the fourth digit (0 to 9) indicates the type of epilepsy or recurrent seizures (eg, generalized convulsive [345.1],grand mal status epilepticus [345.3],localization-related [345.4]).The fifth digit provides the opportunity to code if the seizure type or epilepsy is not intractable (0) or is intractable (1); for example, 345.11 is the code for generalized convulsive seizures that are intractable.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.021 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.008 | 0.008 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.037 | 0.015 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".