Reforming of Glycerol into Bio-Crude: A Parametric Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The reforming of glycerol was investigated using a micro-reactor in the presence of MoCoP/zeolite catalyst. The parameters which were investigated include initial hydrogen pressure, reaction temperature, residence time, and feedstock concentration. The liquid products were separated into water-soluble components and bio-oil by liquid-liquid extraction with water and ethyl acetate. The bio-oil, gaseous products, char, and unreacted glycerol were quantified relative to the initial mass of glycerol feed. The composition of the bio-oil was determined by GC/MS. The optimum conditions for the reforming of glycerol into bio-crude in the presence of MoCoP/zeolite catalyst were found to be: 300°C reaction temperature, 5 MPa initial hydrogen pressure, 60 min reaction time, and 100% glycerol feed. While dilution of the glycerol feedstock with water had a negative effect on bio-oil yield, reforming of pure glycerol produced the highest bio-oil yield (40 wt.% at 300°C, 1 h, and 5 MPa H2). The amount of char deposited on the catalyst decreased with extended reaction time, increased reaction temperature, and elevated initial hydrogen pressure.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".