Gas-to-Liquids Technology for Bunyu Field, East Kalimantan, Indonesia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Gas-to-Liquids Technology for Bunyu Field, East Kalimantan, Indonesia Indria Doria Arianto; Indria Doria Arianto Pertamina Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Charles P. Siallagan Charles P. Siallagan Pertamina Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Paper presented at the SPE/CERI Gas Technology Symposium, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, April 2000. Paper Number: SPE-59762-MS https://doi.org/10.2118/59762-MS Published: April 03 2000 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Get Permissions Search Site Citation Arianto, Indria Doria, and Charles P. Siallagan. "Gas-to-Liquids Technology for Bunyu Field, East Kalimantan, Indonesia." Paper presented at the SPE/CERI Gas Technology Symposium, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, April 2000. doi: https://doi.org/10.2118/59762-MS Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex Search Dropdown Menu nav search search input Search input auto suggest search filter All ContentAll ProceedingsSociety of Petroleum Engineers (SPE)SPE Unconventional Resources Conference / Gas Technology Symposium Search Advanced Search AbstractTechnology to converts natural gas into synthetic liquid fuels (the name is GTL, for Gas-to-Liquids) turns unmarketable reserves of natural gas into a form that overcomes transportation costs. Synthetic liquid fuels produced via Fischer-Tropsch (FT) chemistry, such as gasoline, kerosene/jet fuel, and diesel, have long been known as the cleanest fuels in the world. Unfortunately, the cost making them has never been competitive when compared to conventional process. Now, because of better catalysts and process improvement, FT may have finally found a competitive niche. Bunyu Island located off the Northeast coast of East Kalimantan, Indonesia, approximately 580 km north and East of Balikpapan. There are 10 existing fields in Bunyu Island managed by Pertamina. Bunyu-Nibung field was discovered with the drilling of well BN-01 in 1971, geologic evaluation discovered oil and gas reserves. Until now, 15 wells had been drilled and developed as oilfield although the gas reserve is large. This gas reserve undeveloped because of the limitations of gas markets. Based on 22 MMscfd feed gas for 20 years production, this technology can converting gas to 4,180 b/d synthetic fuel consist of gasoline 1,797 b/d, kerosene 477 b/d, middle distillate 765 b/d, and HSD 1,053 b/d. Economic calculation indicates that this technology considered economically with POT 3.11 years and IRR 47.42%. Although it is too remote for economic transportation, GTL would liberate Bunyu-Nibung gas reserves from the limitations of gas markets.IntroductionNatural gas, with methane as the main component, is a major source of hydrocarbon. Methane can be used as an energy source that is environmentally friendly and can be used as a petrochemical feedstock. Until now, utilization of natural gas Indonesia is still limited, such as LNG, city gas, fuel gas, and petrochemical feedstock such as fertilizer or methanol plant.Fuel demand is growing faster in recent years, where crude reserves and refining capacities are lower. The answer is a technology that will convert natural gas into synthetic fuels (GTL, for gas-to-liquid). This process consists of two steps, first, natural gas is reacted with catalyst to produce carbon monoxide and hydrogen, known as synthesis gas, in the second step the synthesis gas is polymerized into synthetic hydrocarbon fuel such as gasoline, kerosene/jet fuel, and diesel.The process converting natural gas into synthetic fuels founded by the Germans Franz Fischer and Hans Tropsch in 1923, known as FT process, in which synthesis gas is polymerized in high temperature into hydrocarbon chains of varying lengths. Synthetically produced hydrocarbons are the high-quality products and free of sulfur, metals, particles and aromatics. Although, this process is very expensive compared to conventional process.The synthetic fuels industry has along and colorful history with much of its roots being politically rather than economically motivated. The Germans were the first to create and use a synthetic fuels process1, building plants fed with coal to fuel Germany's war machine during World War II, while coal-rich South Africa has used it since 1955 to reduce dependence on imported oil. Now, because of better catalysts and process improvement, converting natural gas to synthetic fuel may have finally found a competitive niche, as an alternative to natural gas utilization. Today, South Africa leads the world in the use of synthetic fuels. During the last five decades, South Africa has built four synfuels plants, all government funded, producing approximately 150,000 b/d of synthetic fuels and chemicals. Keywords: gas reserve, bunyu-nibung field, gas-to-liquid technology, liquified natural gas, hydrocarbon, synthesis gas, synthetic fuel, bunyu island, partial oxidation, reaction Subjects: Natural Gas Conversion and Storage, Liquified natural gas (LNG) This content is only available via PDF. 2000. Society of Petroleum Engineers You can access this article if you purchase or spend a download.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.075 | 0.015 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".