Vortex-induced vibrations of the Second Severn Crossing cable-stayed bridge—full-scale and wind tunnel measurements
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the first winter after opening, the Second Severn Crossing cable-stayed bridge exhibited occasional vortex-induced vertical oscillations. Vortex excitation had been detected by the wind tunnel tests on sectional models during design and an aerodynamic solution partly developed but, based on damping and turbulence assumptions from recognised design codes, it had been concluded that the probability of large vibrations occurring was small. Full-scale monitoring of both wind and structural response enabled the causes of the observed oscillations to be investigated. The structural damping and wind turbulence were found to differ significantly from the assumed values. Additional wind tunnel tests were undertaken using the full-scale measured values with a view to replicating the full-scale behaviour and developing a solution. Taking into consideration the revised damping and turbulence and an often-ignored factor to correct for the full-scale mode shape, good agreement between the model and full-scale measurements was obtained. Also, aerodynamic solutions were further explored, as a result of which baffle plates were installed under the bridge. Since their installation, no further signs of vortex-induced oscillations have been observed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".