Impacts of tropical cyclones on the thermodynamic conditions in the tropical tropopause layer observed by A-train satellites
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract. The tropical tropopause layer (TTL) is the transition layer between the troposphere and the stratosphere. Tropical cyclones may impact the TTL by perturbing the vertical distributions of cloud, temperature, and water vapor, although this impact is poorly quantified due to the lack of collocated data. To address this problem, we implement a synergistic retrieval approach to obtain the thermodynamic profiles and ice water content above thick high-level clouds using the A-Train satellite measurements that pass over the tropical cyclones. This study detects the signature of cyclone impact on the distribution patterns of cloud, water vapor, temperature, and radiation by compositing these thermodynamic fields with respect to cyclone center locations. It is found that tropical cyclone events considerably increase the occurrence of TTL clouds, in the form of cirrus clouds above a clear troposphere. The amount of TTL cloud ice, however, is found to be mostly contributed by overshooting deep convections that penetrate the bottom of TTL. Using the synergistic retrieval method, we find a vertically oscillating pattern of temperature anomalies above tropical cyclones, with warming beneath the cloud top (around 16 km) and cooling above. The atmospheric column above 16 km is generally hydrated by overshooting convections, although dehydration is detected above non-overshooting TTL clouds. Above overshooting deep convections, the column-integrated water vapor is found to be on average 40 % higher than the climatology. Moreover, the TTL above tropical cyclones is cooled due to longwave radiative cooling. The radiative heating rates above cyclones are well differentiated by the brightness temperature of a satellite infrared channel in the window band. Using radiative calculations, it is found that TTL hydration is usually associated with radiative cooling of the TTL, which inhibits the diabatic ascent of moist air. The radiative balance of the TTL under the impact of the cyclone, therefore, is not in favor of maintaining the moist anomalies in the TTL or transporting water vertically to the stratosphere.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".