Rare and marginal winter non-passerine birds in Manitoba
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This is the belated companion to a similar article on passerine birds published in 1995.27 Our intent is to provide a benchmark to help detect future changes in winter bird distribution and survival in Manitoba, whether due to climate change or other causes. For consistency with the companion article, we used the 1986 Manitoba bird checklist to identify 23 species that normally occur in a significant portion of Manitoba in winter.14 These comprise category A below: normal winter birds. About 78 additional species have been recorded in the province, mainly in the south, between 1 December and 28 February. These make up categories B to E below. We define this period as the "winter" season for the purpose of this article; it is normally the most demanding period for bird survival in the Prairie Provinces. All these species are listed in Table Winter records for species in categories B to E are summarized in the annotated list that follows. The categories are defined as follows.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".