Bibliographic record
Abstract
<strong class="journal-contentHeaderColor">Abstract.</strong> Oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) are characterized by enhanced carbon dioxide (CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub>)</span> levels and low pH and are being further acidified by uptake of anthropogenic atmospheric CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span>. With ongoing intensification and expansion of OMZs due to global warming, carbonate chemistry conditions may become more variable and extreme, particularly in the eastern boundary upwelling systems. In austral summer (FebruaryâApril) 2017, a large-scale mesocosm experiment was conducted in the coastal upwelling area off Callao (Peru) to investigate the impacts of ongoing ocean deoxygenation on biogeochemical processes, coinciding with a rare coastal El Niño event. Here we report on the temporal dynamics of carbonate chemistry in the mesocosms and surrounding Pacific waters over a continuous period of 50âd with high-temporal-resolution observations (every second day). The mesocosm experiment simulated an upwelling event in the mesocosms by addition of nitrogen (N)-deficient and CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span>-enriched OMZ water. Surface water in the mesocosms was acidified by the OMZ water addition, with pH<span class="inline-formula"><sub>T</sub></span> lowered by 0.1â0.2 and <span class="inline-formula"><i>p</i></span>CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> elevated to above 900â<span class="inline-formula">µ</span>atm. Thereafter, surface <span class="inline-formula"><i>p</i></span>CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> quickly dropped to near or below the atmospheric level (405.22â<span class="inline-formula">µ</span>atm in 2017; Dlugokencky and Tans, 2021; NOAA/Global Monitoring Laboratory (GML)) mainly due to enhanced phytoplankton production with rapid CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> consumption. Further observations revealed that the dominance of the dinoflagellate <i>Akashiwo sanguinea</i> and contamination of bird excrements played important roles in the dynamics of carbonate chemistry in the mesocosms. Compared to the simulated upwelling, natural upwelling events in the surrounding Pacific waters occurred more frequently with sea-to-air CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> fluxes of 4.2â14.0âmmolâCâm<span class="inline-formula"><sup>â2</sup></span>âd<span class="inline-formula"><sup>â1</sup></span>. The positive CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> fluxes indicated our site was a local CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> source during our study, which may have been impacted by the coastal El Niño. However, our observations of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) drawdown in the mesocosms suggest that CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> fluxes to the atmosphere can be largely dampened by biological processes. Overall, our study characterized carbonate chemistry in nearshore Pacific waters that are rarely sampled in such a temporal resolution and hence provided unique insights into the CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> dynamics during a rare coastal El Niño event.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.144 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".