Bibliographic record
Abstract
This chapter explains the first commercialised transistors, the bipolar junction transistor (BJT) developed in the 1950s at Bell Labs and the junction field-effect transistor (JFET) developed about 10 years later. It also explains the I-V curves for a p-n junction illuminated by a light source. The chapter explores how the reverse saturation current of a p-n junction is increased by the optical generation of minority carriers at or near the depletion region. It expresses that a controllable concentration of minority holes can be electrically produced in the n-type material of the reverse-biased p-n junction. The JFET is also built on the basis of the p-n junction, but its operating principle is quite different from that of a BJT. Today's electronics industry is dominated by digital electronics and the metal oxide field-effect transistor (MOSFET) serves almost all of this market. The BJT, in particular, is widely used as a discrete transistor component.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.048 | 0.033 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".