Hookah smoking among a sample of Iraqi male high school students: Awareness and understanding
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background: The use of hookah smoking device is increasing at large scale distributing from Eastern Mediterranean region reaching Western countries. Hookah smoke users exposed to a lot of chemical compounds and to several chronic diseases. The purpose of this study is to confirm the prevalence of hookah use among a sample of male high school students in Iraq, and to provide a better understanding of cessation-related behaviors and cognitions of hookah only users.Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among students in three high schools (for males only) at Karkh District, Baghdad. The study period was from Oct. 2017 till Jan. 2019 including a total of 847 male students. A structured KAP questionnaire was used to identify their knowledge and use of hookah smoking. Analysis of data was carried out using the available statistical package of SPSS-25.Results: the overall prevalence of hookah smoking among high school male students was high (46%). More than two-thirds (70.6%) of them think that water pipe smoking is acceptable socially more than cigarette smoking. More than half of participants (55%) first heard about hookah smoking from friends and close to two-thirds (65.2%) who smoke hookah from those surround students were also friends. Almost half of respondents think hookah smoking is not encouraged in the faith of Islam (47.3%) and less than quarter (20.9%) think it’s completely forbidden in Islam.Conclusions: Hookah smoking is increasing among high school students and becoming a socially acceptable behavior that needs more public and adolescent education about its harmful effect.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.016 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.008 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".