Hookah smoking among a sample of Iraqi male high school students: Awareness and understanding
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background: The use of hookah smoking device is increasing at large scale distributing from Eastern Mediterranean region reaching Western countries. Hookah smoke users exposed to a lot of chemical compounds and to several chronic diseases. The purpose of this study is to confirm the prevalence of hookah use among a sample of male high school students in Iraq, and to provide a better understanding of cessation-related behaviors and cognitions of hookah only users.Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among students in three high schools (for males only) at Karkh District, Baghdad. The study period was from Oct. 2017 till Jan. 2019 including a total of 847 male students. A structured KAP questionnaire was used to identify their knowledge and use of hookah smoking. Analysis of data was carried out using the available statistical package of SPSS-25.Results: the overall prevalence of hookah smoking among high school male students was high (46%). More than two-thirds (70.6%) of them think that water pipe smoking is acceptable socially more than cigarette smoking. More than half of participants (55%) first heard about hookah smoking from friends and close to two-thirds (65.2%) who smoke hookah from those surround students were also friends. Almost half of respondents think hookah smoking is not encouraged in the faith of Islam (47.3%) and less than quarter (20.9%) think it’s completely forbidden in Islam.Conclusions: Hookah smoking is increasing among high school students and becoming a socially acceptable behavior that needs more public and adolescent education about its harmful effect.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".