Bile Salts Differentially Enhance Resistance of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia Coli O157:H7 to Human Cationic Antimicrobial Peptides
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) causes severe food and water-borne illness associated with diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis (HC), and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). Previously, we reported that treatment of EHEC with a physiologically relevant bile salt mixture (BSM) upregulates genes encoding a two-component system (TCS) (basRS) and a lipid A modification pathway (arnBCADTEF). The current study examines the effect of BSM treatment on EHEC resistance to human cationic antimicrobials, human defensin, HD-5 and cathelicidin, LL-37. Results show a significant increase in resistance to HD-5 when EHEC are pre-treated with BSM as compared to untreated EHEC. The BS-induced resistance phenotype is lost in each of the arnT and basS mutants. Interestingly, BSM treatment does not affect resistance to LL-37. The results of this study provide evidence that BS serve as an environmental cue by triggering changes via a TCS that result in protective modifications of the bacterial outer membrane, thereby increasing resistance to HD-5.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".