Real‐space mapping of electronic orbitals
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The world as we know it is shaped by electronic states. Be it optical, electrical, or magnetic properties, thermal conductivity, or chemical bonding: almost all macroscopic properties can be traced back to the electronic states on the nanoscale. It is all the more surprising that they remained mostly elusive from an experimental perspective so far. In this work, we show that the mapping of transitions between electronic states in real space with Ångström resolution is indeed possible using state‐of‐the‐art TEM and EELS [1]. As a model system, we used a 20 nm thick rutile sample oriented in [0 0 1] direction. In this system, the Ti L 2,3 edge splits into contributions from states with e g and t 2g symmetry, respectively. Fig. 1 shows the experimental L 2 ‐e g map extracted from the dataset acquired on a double Cs‐corrected FEI Titan cubed microscope operated at 80 keV after drift‐correction and averaging over 12 unit cells. An asymmetry that is rotated by 90° for nearest neighbors is clearly visible that is caused by the peculiar shape of the e g states as shown in the charge density distribution. Furthermore, simulations using the multislice [2] and mixed dynamic form factor [3] approaches were performed. As is evident from fig. 1, the simulations are in excellent agreement with the experimental data. One crucial prerequisite for such asymmetries to appear lies in the local environment of the atom that is being probed [4]. If the atomic site is invariant under a high symmetry point group, many states will be degenerate and their contributions to the scattered intensity will add up to a circularly symmetric map according to Unsöld's theorem [5]. A prototypical example of this for p ‐states is shown in fig. 2. Only if the point group symmetry is low enough, the degeneracy is lifted and transitions to individual states can be mapped by selecting a suitable energy window. This work shows that the mapping of individual electronic states is possible with widely used tools such as TEM and EELS. Thus, it paves the way for exciting new applications such as probing defect states at surfaces and interfaces that could revolutionize material science, as well as our experimental grasp on electronic properties and bonds on the atomic scale.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".