Bibliographic record
Abstract
Asphaltenes are fractions of crude oil and precipitate out due to change in pressure, temperature, and composition. Because the most significant pressure and temperature change occur at near wellbore region, asphaltenes precipitation occurs at this area which prevents oil flow due to significant reduction in permeability.;This study investigates the effect of salinity and clay type on asphaltene stability. To reach this goal, the stability of asphaltenes from five different crude oil samples were evaluated after exposing them to different brine concentrations with the absence and presence of porous medium. Porous mediums were prepared by using either Ottawa Sand or Ottawa Sand+Clay mixture. Illite+kaolinite mixture was used as clay. Brine solutions were prepared by either NaCl or CaCl2. For both salts, solutions were prepared by mixing 0.2%, 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% of salt with deionized water. Asphaltene behavior was visualized for each case under optical microscope. The impact of asphaltene-brine interaction on wettability alteration was determined through contact angle measurements.;Our experimental results suggest that asphaltenes from all five crude oil samples are dispersed in water, and they aligned themselves within water due to their polar-polar interaction with water. In asphaltene-clay-brine systems, divalent salt (CaCl2) interacts more with asphaltenes than monovalent salt (NaCl). Further, increasing salinity promotes clay dispersion which increases the size of asphaltene-clay clusters. Also, the contact angle measurements demonstrated that wettability alters with salinity, however, no direct relation was observed between salinity and asphaltene stability.;This study aimed to characterize the stability of asphaltenes from five different crude oils. Based on crude oils which may aid to produce methods to prevent asphaltenes deposition.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".