Vegetation development on reclaimed lands in the Coal Valley Mine of western Alberta, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Revegetated lands within the Coal Valley Mine were sampled for species composition, woody plant frequencies, and tree heights. The vegetation on 68 sampled sites was dominated by a mixture of Festuca rubra L. and Trifolium repens L. Four distinctive plant communities were present. A Lodgepole pine/Willow/Lindley's aster community represented the most advanced stage of forest development, having a multilayered structure and composed primarily of indigenous species, although only 19 years old. Deciduous shrubs and trees (<50 cm tall) occurred on 43% of the sites (mean 364 plants/ha). Salicaceae were the primary species. Total plant cover averaged >85% in all community types with plant litter covering >75% of the ground surface. There were 123 plant species found growing on the mine with 77% indigenous species, although they represented <5% of the total vegetation cover. The height of planted Pinus contorta Loudon and Picea glauca (Moench) Voss were modelled over a 24-year period. Both species had reduced height growth and significant attrition for several years after planting. On average, however, surviving trees had 8- and 14-year heights similar to local provincial reforestation standards. It is hypothesized that tree canopy closure is a key factor in facilitating the naturalization of forest understory vegetation on reclaimed lands.Key words: succession, plant community development, afforestation, perturbation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".