Evolving Racial Identity and the Consolidation of Men's Authority in Early Twentieth-Century Quebec
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article explores the evolution of ‘racial’ identity in Quebec and the ways in which it was intertwined with considerations about manhood. It suggests that growing concerns about manhood in an urban and industrial environment, coupled with the suspicion that women were turning their backs on motherhood, led some French-Canadian men to redefine their racial identity in ways that would bolster their masculine and patriarchal authority. So long as blood was said to be central to French-Canadian racial identity, women, in their roles as child-bearers, and thus physical reproducers of the race, could expect to exert at least a symbolic influence over the direction of the race. But as traditional gender roles appeared to come under attack in the 1920s and 1930s, some men grew increasingly uncomfortable with the ‘revenge of the cradle’ ideology that tied men's political and economic influence to women's ability to produce as many children as possible. Anxious about becoming too dependent on women's bodies and armed with international developments in race theory, French-Canadian men began to downplay the role that biology played in one's racial identity and to promote a cultural definition of racial belonging. In this way, men diminished women's role in racial regeneration, and in the process regained control over their economic, political, and ‘racial’ destinies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.010 | 0.008 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".