A new estimate of ocean oxygen utilization points to a reduced rate of respiration in the ocean interior
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract. The Apparent Oxygen Utilization (AOU) is a classical measure of the amount of oxygen respired by biological processes in the ocean interior. We show that the AOU systematically overestimates the True Oxygen Utilization (TOU) in 6 coupled circulation-biogeochemical ocean models, due to atmosphere–ocean oxygen disequilibrium in the subduction regions, consistent with prior work. We develop a new approach that we call Evaluated Oxygen Utilization (EOU), which approximates the TOU at least twice as well as AOU in all 6 models, despite large differences in the physical and biological components of the models. Applying the EOU approach to a global observational dataset leads to an estimated biological oxygen consumption rate that is by 25 percent lower than that derived from AOU-based estimates.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".