Primary neurodevelopmental disorders in detained adolescents: point prevalence and patterns of care
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Limited information is available on the numbers and trajectories of detained young people with Neurodevelopmental Disorders (NDD) disorders. We completed a census in all types of secure establishments for young people from England. From this, we sought to find the point prevalence of Neurodevelopmental Disorders in young people in secure settings. A quarter of 1322 young people in secure care had at least one NDD; for 204 (18.5%) this was a primary diagnosis. The most common primary diagnosis was ADHD, 101 (9%), followed by 55 (5%) young people with LD and 48 (4%) with ASC. All young people with a primary NDD had had contact prior to detention with at least one of the statutory agencies. More of those with a primary NDD were moved to their current secure placement from a secure placement than those young people without. Existing community identification and support for young people with an NDD is insufficient to prevent significant numbers developing a level of challenging behaviour that requires secure provision. The large numbers of such young people, especially young men, who are detained in the YJS is a grave concern.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".