Development of a Cognitive Digital Twin for Building Management and Operations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cognitive Digital Twins (CDTs) are defined as capable of achieving some elements of cognition, notably memory (encoding and retrieval), perception (creating useful data representations), and reasoning (outlier and event detection). This paper presents the development of a CDT, populated by construction information, facility management data, and data streamed from the Building Automation System (BAS). Advanced machine learning was enabled by access to both real-time and historical data coupled with scalable cloud-based computational resources. Streaming data to the cloud has been implemented in existing architectures; to address security concerns from exposing building equipment to undesirable access, a secure streaming architecture from BACnet equipment to our research cloud is presented. Real-time data is uploaded to a high-performance scalable time-series database, while the ontology is stored on a relational database. Both data sources are integrated with Building Information Models (BIM) to aggregate, explore, and visualize information on demand. This paper presents a case study of a Digital Twin (DT) of an academic building where various capabilities of CDTs are demonstrated through a series of proof-of-concept examples. Drawing from our experience enhancing this implementation with elements of cognition, we present a development framework and reference architecture to guide future whole-building CDT research.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".