Miniature Liquid Cold-plate Enabled by Metal Spraying: A Thermal Management Solution for a Modular 1 kW Bi-directional GaN-based dc-ac Converter
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In recent years, power electronic systems have been consistently required to achieve higher power while also minimizing footprint. Addressing these demands has produced new electro-thermal challenges within these highly coupled systems. This work utilizes metal spraying techniques to fabricate a custom miniature liquid cold-plate to cool a 1 kW high-frequency bi-directional GaN-based dc-ac converter. A commercially sourced ‘off-the-shelf’ cold-plate, comprised of a serpentine copper tube embedded in an aluminum block and buried in low thermal conductivity epoxy is used as a baseline to compare the thermal performance of the proposed cold-plate. Experimental results show that the metal sprayed cold-plate yields lower junction temperatures at the same flow rate while also decreasing volume and mass when compared to the off-the-shelf system.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".