Dealuminated heated clay as new fluoride adsorbent for treatment of contaminated drinking water
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The present study aims to reduce the fluoride concentration of drinking water using a novel mild adsorbent based natural clay. The natural clay was dealuminated/realuminated and dehydroxylated by intense washing and heating processes. The developed adsorbent was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal analyses (ATD-TG) and nuclear magnetic resonance solid-state with magic angle spinning (MAS NMR). MAS NMR results showed that distorted tetrahedral-Al coordination and penta-Al coordination sites were responsible for fluoride adsorption. Batch adsorption experiments were investigated without any adjustment of water pH. The effect of the clay dosage over the range of 0.5–2 g/50 mL of sample solution was studied. Results revealed that the aggregation of the clay particles in the water was successfully avoided thanks to the heating process. Kinetics and adsorption isotherms were also investigated. The adsorption equilibrium was achieved on a timescale of seconds. Adsorption kinetics data followed pseudo-first-order as well as pseudo-second-order models while isotherm experimental data followed the Freundlich model. The maximum adsorption capacity was relatively small (1.2 mg <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mo>·</mml:mo> </mml:math> g <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:math> ). Tests performed on Tunisian contaminated drinking water showed that water potability with respect to fluoride was successfully achieved; suggesting that the dealuminated/realuminated dehydroxylated clay can be a promising fluoride adsorbent for drinking water.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it