The molecular consequences of androgen activity in the human breast
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary The mammary gland has been extensively studied for estrogen and progesterone reactivity, but the molecular effects of androgen in the breast remain largely unexplored. Transgender men are recorded female at birth but identify as male and may undergo gender-affirming androgen therapy to align their physical characteristics and gender identity. Here we perform single cell resolution transcriptome, chromatin, and spatial profiling of androgen treated breasts from transgender men. We find male-biased androgen receptor gene targets are upregulated in cells expressing androgen receptor, and that paracrine signaling drives sex-relevant changes in other cell types. We observe an altered epithelium, shifts in immune populations, and a reduction of capillary vasculature. Finally, we find evidence of the metabolic impact of androgen and identify a gene regulatory network driving androgen-directed fat loss. This work elucidates the molecular consequences of androgen in the human breast at single cell resolution.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".