The Effect of Social Security Coverage on U.S. State and Local Government Public Pension Plan Funding
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Approximately a quarter of U.S. state and local workers’ pension plans are not covered by Social Security. This is problematic and sometimes surprising for many public sector workers, who may receive limited or no Social Security benefits upon retirement due to insufficient or no contributions paid into the system throughout their careers. While non-covered public pension plans are legally obliged to provide a comparable degree of coverage, the lack of a de-facto partial federal guarantee on pension funding has interesting implications explored in this paper. We find that pension plans not covered by Social Security have lower funded ratios and are more volatile due to greater dependence on potentially more aggressive plan investments, assumptions, and performance. We also find that the funded ratio deteriorates over time for both types of plans, and this deterioration might be faster for Social Security covered plans.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it