The TESS-Keck Survey. XI. Mass Measurements for Four Transiting Sub-Neptunes Orbiting K Dwarf TOI-1246
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Multi-planet systems are valuable arenas for investigating exoplanet architectures and comparing planetary siblings. TOI-1246 is one such system, with a moderately bright K dwarf ($\rm{V=11.6,~K=9.9}$) and four transiting sub-Neptunes identified by TESS with orbital periods of $4.31~\rm{d},~5.90~\rm{d},~18.66~\rm{d}$, and $~37.92~\rm{d}$. We collected 130 radial velocity observations with Keck/HIRES and TNG/HARPS-N to measure planet masses. We refit the 14 sectors of TESS photometry to refine planet radii ($\rm{2.97 \pm 0.06~R_\oplus},\rm{2.47 \pm 0.08~R_\oplus}, \rm{3.46 \pm 0.09~R_\oplus}$, $\rm{3.72 \pm 0.16~R_\oplus}$), and confirm the four planets. We find that TOI-1246 e is substantially more massive than the three inner planets ($\rm{8.1 \pm 1.1 M_\oplus}$, $\rm{8.8 \pm 1.2 M_\oplus}$, $\rm{5.3 \pm 1.7 M_\oplus}$, $\rm{14.8 \pm 2.3 M_\oplus}$). The two outer planets, TOI-1246 d and TOI-1246 e, lie near to the 2:1 resonance ($\rm{P_{e}/P_{d}=2.03}$) and exhibit transit timing variations. TOI-1246 is one of the brightest four-planet systems, making it amenable for continued observations. It is one of only six systems with measured masses and radii for all four transiting planets. The planet densities range from $\rm{0.70 \pm 0.24}$ to $3.21 \pm 0.44 \rm{g/cm^3}$, implying a range of bulk and atmospheric compositions. We also report a fifth planet candidate found in the RV data with a minimum mass of 25.6 $\pm$ 3.6 $\rm{M_\oplus}$. This planet candidate is exterior to TOI-1246 e with a candidate period of 93.8 d, and we discuss the implications if it is confirmed to be planetary in nature.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".