Bibliographic record
Abstract
Patrick O’Brien's approach to the economics of empire and globalization stresses hierarchy. The ability of a colony to gain from economic exchange with the European core in the age of liberal imperialism was influenced by its “political status.” The zones of European overseas settlement enjoyed the highest status and reaped large rewards from economic interaction, rewards that fell disproportionately to white inhabitants. Other zones of the periphery, in eastern and southern Europe and the developing world, were in a weaker position to extract benefits from exchange with the core. New Zealand and Australia, along with Canada and South Africa, occupied a distinctive position within the empire. As well as being conquered by the British, they attracted British settlers and achieved self-governing status. New Zealand and Australia depended on Britain for markets, inflows of capital and labor, and – until the fall of Singapore – defence. Although jealous guardians of their autonomy, they sought to preserve most aspects of the imperial nexus, which they experienced as broadly beneficial. Provincial and few in number, the white subjects of the dominions were nonetheless prosperous. New Zealanders, Australians, and Canadians saw themselves as Better Britons, as stronger, healthier, more pragmatic, and less class-ridden than the puny and decadent residents of the motherland. By the 1930s, however, the belief that immersion in global markets was the basis of prosperity could no longer be taken for granted in New Zealand and Australia. Their status within global and imperial networks seemed vulnerable. Disenchantment with globalization was somewhat greater amongst policymakers than academic economists, but the latter were not immune. Bill Sutch's The Quest for Security in New Zealand (1942) exemplified the new, more defensive mentality. An economist and former private secretary to the Minister of Finance, Sutch argued for widespread state intervention to insulate employment and living standards from external shocks. As a senior civil servant at the Department of Industries and Commerce in Wellington in the 1950s and 1960s, Sutch was an enthusiastic advocate of import substitution industrialization (ISI). Nation-building also contributed to the new policy ethos, and it was a form of nation-building compatible with the maintenance of close economic ties with the United Kingdom. Depression, war, and the post-1945 dollar gap tended to reinforce cooperation in trade and finance between the UK, New Zealand, and Australia.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.008 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".