A Quantitative Analysis of the Plastic Shell Effects in 3D- Printed Breast Phantoms for Microwave Imaging
Bibliographic record
Abstract
3D-printed breast phantoms have been used to evaluate methods in breast microwave sensing (BMS). These phantoms use 3D-printed shells from MRI images to hold liquids that mimic the dielectric properties of breast tissues. The MRI-derived shells allow the phantoms to mimic the morphology of in vivo tissues and the liquids mimic the microwave properties of the tissues. The use of low-permittivity 3D-printable plastics in the shells poses a potential challenge, as the plastics do not mimic the properties of breast tissues. This work quantitatively investigated the effects of eight plastic fibroglandular shells. The statistical analysis in this work indicated that three of the eight phantom shells did not produce significant reflections. These results indicate that, depending on the specific phantom shell design, the utility of 3D-printed phantoms may be limited by using low-permittivity plastics, and further examination of the role of plastics in 3D-printed phantoms should be performed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".