Combining the mechanical ball milling of the carbohydrate and the use of low solvent reaction media for the synthesis of fructose fatty acid esters by immobilized lipases
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Synthesis of carbohydrate fatty acid esters catalyzed by immobilized lipases is a pathway to obtain specific isomers from renewable feedstock, compared to unselective chemical esterification. While the use of low-solvent reaction media (≤ 10 %) offers advantages, the interactive effects of these media with biocatalysts and substrates should be modulated towards high catalytic efficiency and substrate availability. Among the investigated co-solvents, tert-butanol and DMSO in a mixture of lauric acid substrate/co-solvent (90/10; v/v) resulted in high bioconversion yields using either Novozym® 435 or Lipozyme® RM IM, as biocatalysts. Increased hydrophobicity of the Novozym® 435 immobilization support favored bioconversion, while polar substrate surface area enlargement by ball-milling improved productivity through enhancement of fructose availability. A compromise between bioconversion yield (19.7 %) and productivity (9.45 µmol/L min) was obtained in the reactions catalyzed by Novozym® 435 using ball-milled fructose at a concentration of 0.2 mol/L. Combining mechanical ball-milling of the substrates with low-solvent reaction media is expected to enhance and expand enzymatic synthesis of carbohydrate fatty acid esters.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".