Mechanical Properties and Residual Stress Measurement of TiN/Ti Duplex Coating Using HiPIMS TiN on Cold Spray Ti
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study investigated the mechanical properties and the residual stress of high-power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) titanium nitride (TiN) thin film capping on cold spray titanium (Ti) coating. This TiN/Ti duplex coating was deposited on the Ti substrate, and the cold spray titanium (Ti) coating was prepared in three cases with different numbers of layers. The study determined Young’s modulus, hardness, and roughness of TiN thin film and cold spray Ti coatings by nano-indentation and AFM. The residual stress measurement of TiN/Ti duplex coating was conducted using the ring-core drilling method. A focused ion beam (FIB) drilled the TiN/Ti duplex coating with various milling depth steps. The corresponding images were obtained with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The relationship between surface deformations and relaxation stress after each milling depth step was obtained using the digital image correlation (DIC) method. The results showed TiN/Ti duplex coating exhibited excellent mechanical properties, and the residual stresses were not significantly changing with different Ti cold spray substrates, showing the feasibility of coating technology for the future applications in the aerospace industry.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".