Fetal Growth and Intrauterine Epigenetic Programming of Obesity and Cardiometabolic Disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies have shown an association between an adverse intrauterine environment (eg, exposure to malnutrition) and an increased risk of developing cardiometabolic disease in adulthood. These studies laid the foundation for the developmental origins of health and disease hypothesis, which states that limited nutrient supply to the fetus results in physiologic and metabolic adaptations that favor survival but result in unfavorable consequences in the offspring if there is excess nutrition after birth. This discrepancy in the pre- and postnatal milieus, perceived as stress by the offspring, may confer an increased risk of developing cardiometabolic disease later in life. Thus, early life exposures result in programming or changes in cellular memory that have effects on health throughout the life course. One of the mechanisms by which programming occurs is via epigenetic modifications of genes, processes that result in functionally relevant changes in genes (ie, gene expression) without an alteration in the genotype. In this review, we will describe how fetal exposures, including under- and overnutrition, affect neonatal and childhood growth and the future risk for cardiometabolic disease.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".