Bibliographic record
Abstract
Advanced sampling and testing techniques are applied to assess the mechanical behaviour of a stiff, silt-and-clay dominate, stony, low plasticity UK till whose genesis and post-depositional history imparted complex profiles of yielding pressures and shear strengths that differ considerably from those of K0 consolidated waterborne sediments. It is shown that the till reaches the limits of its elastic behaviour and undergoes Y1 yielding at very small strains, after which stiffness is nonlinear. Tests reach stable critical state failures at strains exceeding 25%. The Y1 yield surface is kinematic and, once engaged, travels with the effective stress path, as does a second Y2 surface. Stiffnesses vary with mean effective stress raised to fractional exponent ≈0.5. The till displays far more marked sample size dependency and anisotropy in stiffness than in shear strength. It also shows significantly strain-rate dependent behaviour and displays an isotach response. The main features of the till’s shear strength and dilatancy behaviour can be synthesised within a critical state based interpretive framework that brings field and in situ testing outcomes together with laboratory experiments conducted over a wide range of stress levels and overconsolidation ratios, considering both natural and reconstituted specimens.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".