A semi-supervised learning approach for bladder cancer grading
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Recent advances in semi-supervised learning algorithms (SSL) have made great strides in reducing the training dependency on labeled datasets and requiring that only a subset of the data be labeled. The presented work explores a class of semi-supervised learning algorithms that uses consistency regularization and self-ensembling to leverage the unlabeled portion of the dataset. Labeling medical image datasets are time-consuming and prohibitively expensive, requiring hundreds of hours of effort from expert diagnosticians. This research presents an approach for building and training a deep learning model to grade medical images while requiring only a minimal number of labels. Consistency regularization has been used in SSL to great success in datasets of natural images but not for more complex images such as pathology slides where the dataset consists of cell patterns. This research successfully proposes and applies an SSL algorithm based on the VGG-16 neural network, which combines techniques introduced by the Π model and FixMatch algorithms to a cell pattern-based pathology image dataset. The results presented in this research show that using the proposed approach, it is possible to label only 3% of the samples in a dataset, use the remaining 97% of samples as unlabeled data, and achieve a 19% increase over the baseline accuracy. The second contribution of this research shows a ratio of labeled vs. unlabeled images in a dataset beyond which continuing to label the data increases the cost but offers little performance gains.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it