Aerodynamics effect of holes in UAV wings modified for VTOL capability
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This research investigates the possibility of modifying the X8 Skywalker from a fixed-wing unoccupied aerial vehicle into a convertiplane to utilize the advantages of vertical take-off and landing and maintain the benefits of fixed-wing design. In this study two configurations were tested; the first one includes sharp holes embedded in the wings for the propellers and the second one has filleted holes. The purpose of the study is to analyze the new configurations’ ability to generate enough lift after reducing the wings area. The aerodynamic coefficients are calculated through computational fluid dynamics. Simulation results were validated experimentally by using the wind tunnel. Even though the holes reduced the wing area by about 20%, the proposed modifications could lead to a lift to drag ratio around 7. The results showed that the new configurations can generate five times the lift compared to the drag, while the maximum lift to drag ratio dropped by 50% compared to the original design. At the same time, the filleted hole configuration showed less drag and turbulence effects, especially at a low angle of attack, compared to the sharp hole configuration.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".