Phase-field crystal model for materials with anomalous expansion during solidification and its application to the cavitation of supercooled water droplets
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Unlike most pure materials, liquid water and silicon exhibit a decrease in density upon solidification, a behavior with important implications for natural and industrial processes. In this work, we propose a modification to previous vapor-liquid-solid phase-field crystal (PFC) models that allows the simulation of such anomalous density changes upon solidification. We describe the differences between the original and modified PFC models' phase diagrams and energy landscapes, specifically highlighting the equilibrium properties of the anomalous density model. The model is used to simulate a deeply quenched liquid droplet undergoing solidification under the assumption of two-time dynamics to allow for rapid elastic relaxation. Overpressurization-induced cavitation and damped oscillator behavior are observed within the simulated droplet, in agreement with recent experiments on supercooled water droplets.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".