A global molecular phylogeny yields insights into the dispersal and invasion history of<i>Junonia</i>, a butterfly genus with remarkable dispersal abilities
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The nymphalid butterfly genusJunoniahas remarkable dispersal abilities. Occurring on every continent except Europe and Antarctica,Junoniaare often among the only butterflies on remote oceanic islands. The biogeography ofJunoniahas been controversial, plagued by taxonomic disputes, small phylogenetic datasets, incomplete taxon sampling, and shared interspecific mitochondrial haplotypes.Junoniaoriginated in Africa but its route into the New World remains unknown. Presented here is, to our knowledge, the most comprehensiveJunoniaphylogeny to date, using full mitogenomes and nuclear ribosomal RNA repeats from 40 of 47 described species.Junoniais monophyletic and the genusSalamisis its probable sister clade. Genetic exchange between Indo-PacificJunonia villidaand New WorldJunonia vestinais evident, suggesting a trans-Pacific route into the New World. However, in both phylogenies, the sister clades to most New WorldJunoniacontain both African and Asian species. Multiple trans-Atlantic or trans-Pacificinvasions could have contributed to New World diversification. Hybridization and lateral transfer of mitogenomes, already well-documented in New WorldJunonia, also occurs in at least two Old World lineages (Junonia orithya/Junonia hiertaandJunonia iphita/Junonia hedonia). Variation associated with reticulate evolution creates challenges for phylogenetic reconstruction, but also may have contributed to patterns of speciation and diversification in this genus.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".