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A global experiment on motivating social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic
Nicole Legate, Thuy-vy Thi Nguyen, Netta Weinstein, Arlen C. Moller, Lisa Legault, Zahir Vally, Zuzanna Tajchman, András N. Zsidó, Miha Zrimsek, Zhang Chen, Ignazio Ziano, Zoi Gialitaki, Chris D. Ceary, Yuna Jang, Yijun Lin, Yoshihiko Kunisato, Yuki Yamada, Qinyu Xiao, Xiaoming Jiang, Xinkai Du, Elvin Yao, William S. Ryan, John Paul Wilson, Wilson Cyrus-Lai, William Jiménez‐Leal, Wilbert Law, Wenceslao Unanue, W. Matthew Collins, Karley Richard, Marek Vranka, Vladislav Ankushev, Vidar Schei, Veronika Lerche, Vanja Ković, Valerija Križanić, Veselina Kadreva, Vera Ćubela Adorić, Ulrich S. Tran, Siu Kit Yeung, Widad Hassan, Ralph Houston, Tiago Jessé Souza de Lima, Thomas Ostermann, Thomas Frizzo, Therese E. Sverdrup, Thea House, Tripat Gill, Maksim Fedotov, Tamar Paltrow, Teodor Jernsäther, Tasnim Rahman, Tanya Machin, Maria Koptjevskaja‐Tamm, Tom Hostler, Tatsunori Ishii, Barnabás Szászi, Sylwia Adamus, Lilian Suter, Suparpit M. von Bormann, Sumaiya Habib, Anna Studzińska, Dragana Stojanovska, Steve M. J. Janssen, Stefan Stieger, Stefan E. Schulenberg, Srinivasan Tatachari, Soufian Azouaghe, Piotr Sorokowski, Agnieszka Sorokowska, Xin Song, Sofie Morbée, Savannah C Lewis, Sladjana Sinkolova, Dmitry Grigoryev, Shira Meir Drexler, Shimrit Daches, Shelby L. Levine, Shawn N. Geniole, Shahunur Akter, Selena Vračar, Sébastien Massoni, Sebastiano Costa, Saša Zorjan, Eylül Sarıoğuz, Sara Morales-Izquierdo, Sarah Suzette Tshonda, Sara G. Alves, Sara Johanna Pöntinen, Sara Álvarez Solas, Santiago Ordóñez-Riaño, Sanja Batić Očovaj, Sandersan Onie, Samuel Lins, Theresa Biberauer, Sami Çoksan, Sakda Khumkom, Aslı Saçaklı, Susana Ruiz Fernández, Sandra J. Geiger, Saeideh FatahModares, Radosław B. Walczak, Ruben Betlehem, Roosevelt Vilar, Rodrigo A. Cárcamo, Robert M. Ross, Randy J. McCarthy, Tonia Ballantyne, Erin Westgate, Richard M. Ryan, Rafael Gargurevich, Reza Afhami, Dongning Ren, Renan Pereira Monteiro, Ulf‐Dietrich Reips, Niv Reggev, Robert Calin‐Jageman, Razieh Pourafshari, Raquel Oliveira, Mina Nedelcheva-Datsova, Rima-Maria Rahal, Rafael Ramos Ribeiro, Theda Radtke, Rachel A Searston, Rachadaporn Jai‐ai, Redeate Habte, Przemysław Zdybek, Sau-Chin Chen, Piyaorn Wajanatinapart, Princess Lovella Gonzales Maturan, Jennifer T. Perillo, Peder Mortvedt Isager, Pavol Kačmár, Paulo Manuel Macapagal, Michael R. Maniaci, Paulina Szwed, Paul H. P. Hanel, Paul Forbes, Patrícia Arriaga, Bastien Paris, Neha Parashar, Konstantinos Papachristopoulos, Pablo Correa, Ondřej Kácha, Márcia Bernardo, Olatz Campos, Olalla Niño Bravo, Oscar J. Galindo-Caballero, Chisom Ogbonnaya, Olga Białobrzeska, Natalia Kiselnikova, Nicolle Simonovic, Noga Cohen, Nora L. Nock, Alejandrina Hernandez, Cecilie Thøgersen‐Ntoumani, Nikos Ntoumanis, Niklas Johannes, Nihan Albayrak‐Aydemir, Nicolas Say, Andreas B. Neubauer, Neil Martin, Nathan Torunsky, Natasha van Antwerpen, Natalia Van Doren, Naoyuki Sunami, Nikolay R. Rachev, Nadyanna M. Majeed, Nadya-Daniela Schmidt, Khaoula Nadif, Nadia Saraí Corral-Frías, Nihal Ouherrou, Nida Abbas, Myrto Pantazi, Marc Yancy Lucas, Martin R. Vasilev, María Victoria Ortiz, Muhammad Mussaffa Butt, Murathan Kurfalı, Muhib Kabir, Rafał Muda, María del Carmen MC Tejada Rivera, Miroslav Sirota, Martin Seehuus, Michał Parzuchowski, Mónica Toro, Monika Hricová, Mónica Alarcón Maldonado, Panagiotis Rentzelas, Maarten Vansteenkiste, Molly A. Metz, Magdalena Marszałek, Maria Karekla, Giovanna Mioni, Minke Jasmijn Bosma, Minja Westerlund, Milica Vdović, Michał Białek, Miguel Alejandro A. Silan, Michele Anne, Michał Misiak, Maria Cristina Gugliandolo, Maurice Grinberg, Mariagrazia Capizzi, Mauricio F. Espinoza Barría, Merve A. Kurfali, Michael C. Mensink, Mikayel Harutyunyan, Meetu Khosla, Megan R. Dunn, Max Korbmacher, Matúš Adamkovič, Matheus Fernando Félix Ribeiro, Maria Terskova, Matej Hruška, Marcel Martončik, Martin Čadek, Martha Frías Armenta, Marta Kowal, Marta Topor, Marta Roczniewska, Marlies Oosterlinck, Markéta Braun Kohlová, Mariola Paruzel‐Czachura, Marina Sabristov, Marina Romanova, Μαριέττα Παπαδάτου-Παστού, Maria Louise Lund, Maria Antoniadi, Maria Elena Magrin, Marc V. Jones, Manyu Li, Manuel S. Ortíz, Mathi Manavalan, Abdumalik Muminov, Małgorzata Kossowska, Maja Friedemann, Magdalena Wielgus, Madelon L. M. van Hooff, Marco Antônio Corrêa Varella, Martyn Standage, Matilde Nicolotti, Melissa F. Colloff, Maria Bradford, Leigh Ann Vaughn, Luis Eudave, Luc Vieira, Jackson G. Lu, Lina Maria Sanabria Pineda, Lennia Matos, Laura Calderón Pérez, Ljiljana B. Lazarević, Lisa M. Jaremka, Eline Suzanne Smit, Elizaveta Kushnir, Lisa J. Ferguson, Lisa Anton-Boicuk, Gabriel Lins de Holanda Coelho, Lina Ahlgren, Francesca Liga, Carmel Levitan, Leticia Micheli, Lesley-Ann Gunton, Leonhard Volz, Marija Stojanovska, Leanne Boucher, Lara Samojlenko, Lady Grey Javela, Lada Kaliská, Beatrix Lábadi, Lara Warmelink, Luis Miguel Rojas-Berscia, Karen Yu, Keith Wylie, Jakub Wachowicz, Kermeka Desai, Krystian Barzykowski, Luca Kozma, Kortnee C. Evans, Komila Kirgizova, Bamikole B. Emmanuel Agesin, Monica A. Koehn, Kelly Wolfe, Tatiana Korobova, Katherine Morris, Kristoffer Klevjer, Kevin van Schie, Kévin Vezirian, Kaja Damnjanović, Katrine Krabbe Thommesen, Kathleen Schmidt, Katarzyna Filip, Karolina Staniaszek, Karolina Grzech, Karlijn Hoyer, Karis Moon, Sirikon Khaobunmasiri, Kafeel Rana, Kristina Janjić, Jordan W. Suchow, Julita Kielińska, Julio E. Cruz Vásquez, Julien Chanal, Julia Beitner, Juan Camilo Vargas-Nieto, Jose Carlos T. Roxas, Jennifer M. Taber, Joan Urriago-Rayo, Jeffrey M. Pavlacic, Jozef Benka, Jozef Bavoľár, José A. Soto, Jonas Olofsson, Johannes K Vilsmeier, Johanna Messerschmidt, Johanna Czamanski‐Cohen, Joachim Waterschoot, Jennifer D. Moss, Jordane Boudesseul, Jeong Min Lee, Julia Kamburidis, Jennifer A. Joy-Gaba, Janis Zickfeld, Jacob Francisco Miranda, Jeroen P. H. Verharen, Evgeniya Hristova, Julie Beshears, Jasmijn Bosch, Jaroslava Varella Valentová, Jan Antfolk, Jana Berkessel, Jana Schrötter, Ján Urban, Jan Philipp Röer, James O. Norton, Jaime R. Silva, Jade Pickering, Jáchym Vintr, Jim Uttley, Jonas R. Kunst, Izuchukwu L. G. Ndukaihe, Aishwarya Iyer, Iris Vilares, Aleksandr Ivanov, Ivan Ropovik, Isabela Sula, Ирена Сариева, Irem Metin-Orta, Irina Prusova, Isabel R. Pinto, Andreea Ioana Bozdoc, Inês Almeida, Ilse L. Pit, İlker Dalḡar, Ilya Zakharov, Azuka Ikechukwu Arinze, Keiko Ihaya, Ian D. Stephen, Biljana Gjoneska, Hilmar Brohmer, Heather D. Flowe, Hendrik Godbersen, Halil Emre Kocalar, Mattie V. Hedgebeth, Hu Chuan-Peng, MohammadHasan Sharifian, Harry Manley, Handan Akkaş, Nándor Hajdú, Habiba Azab, Gwenaël Kaminski, Gustav Nilsonne, Gulnaz Anjum, Giovanni A. Travaglino, Gilad Feldman, Gerit Pfuhl, Gabriela Czarnek, Gabriela Mariana Marcu, Gabriela Hofer, Gabriel Baník, Gabriel Agboola Adetula, Gijsbert Bijlstra, Frederick Verbruggen, Franki Y. H. Kung, Frank Martela, Francesco Foroni, Jacques Forest, Gage Singer, Fany Muchembled, Flávio Azevedo, Farnaz Mosannenzadeh, Evelina Marinova, Eva Štrukelj, Zahra Etebari, Emma L. Bradshaw, Ernest Baskin, Elkin O. Luís, Erica D. Musser, I. M. M. van Steenkiste, El Rim Ahn, Eleanor Quested, Ekaterina Pronizius, Emily Jackson, Efisio Manunta, Елена Агадуллина, Dušana Šakan, Pınar Dursun, Olivier Dujols, Dmitrii Dubrov, Megan Willis, Murat Tümer, Jennifer L Beaudry, Dora Popović, Daniel J. Dunleavy, Ikhlas Djamai, Dino Krupıć, Dora Herrera, Diego Vega, Hongfei Du, Débora Jeanette Mola, Desislava Chakarova, William E. Davis, Dawn Liu Holford, David M. G. Lewis, David C. Vaidis, Daphna Hausman Ozery, Daniel Storage, Daniela Sousa, Daniela Serrato Alvarez, Daniel Boller, Anna Dalla Rosa, Daliborka Dimova, Dajana Krupić, Dafne Marko, David Moreau, Crystal Reeck, Rita C. Correia, Cassie M. Whitt, Claus Lamm, Claudio Singh Solorzano, Claudia C. von Bastian, Clare Sutherland, Clara Overkott, Christopher L. Aberson, Chunhui Wang, Christopher P. Niemiec, Christiana Karashiali, Chris Noone, Faith Chiu, Chiara Picciocchi, Charlotte Brownlow, Cemre Karaarslan, Nicola Cellini, Celia Esteban‐Serna, Cecilia Reyna, Cecilia Ferreyra, Carlota Batres, Ranran Li, Caterina Grano, Joëlle Carpentier, Christian K. Tamnes, Cynthia H.Y. Fu, Byurakn Ishkhanyan, Lisa Bylinina, Bastian Jaeger, Carsten Bundt, Tara Bulut Allred, Branko Vermote, Ahmed Bokkour, Natalia Bogatyreva, Jiaxin Shi, William J. Chopik, Benedict Guzman Antazo, Behzad Behzadnia, Maja Becker, Manal M. Bayyat, Beatrice Cocco, Wei‐Lun Chou, Vassilis Barkoukis, Barbora Hubená, Barbara Žuro, Balázs Aczél, Ekaterina Baklanova, Hui Bai, Busra Bahar Balci, Peter Babinčák, Bart Soenens, Barnaby Dixson, Aviv Mokady, Heather Barry Kappes, Mohammad Atari, Anna Szala, Anna Szabelska, John Jamir Benzon R. Aruta, Artur Domurat, Nwadiogo Chisom Arinze, Arianna Modena, Arca Adıgüzel, Arash Monajem, Kanza AIT EL ARABI, Asil Ali Özdoğru, Alex O. Rothbaum, Adriana Olaya Torres, Andriana Theodoropoulou, Anna Skowronek, Anita Penić Jurković, Anisha Singh, Angelos P. Kassianos, Andrej Findor, Andree Hartanto, Anaïs Thibault Landry, Ana Ferreira, Anabela Caetano Santos, Anabel De la Rosa-Gómez, Amélie Gourdon-Kanhukamwe, Alexandria M. Luxon, Anna Louise Todsen, Alper KARABABA, Allison Janak, A. Pilato, Alexandre Bran, Alexa M. Tullett, A Kuźmińska, Anthony J. Krafnick, Anum Urooj, Ahmed Khaoudi, Afroja Ahmed, Agata Groyecka-Bernard, Adrian Dahl Askelund, Adeyemi Adetula, Anabel Belaus, Abdelilah CHARYATE, Aaron L. Wichman, Alina Stoyanova, Anna Greenburgh, Andrew G. Thomas, Alexiοs Arvanitis, Patrick S. Forscher, Peter Robert Mallik, Nicholas A. Coles, Jeremy K. Miller, Hannah Moshontz, Heather L. Urry, Hans IJzerman, Dana Basnight-Brown, Charles R. Ebersole, Christopher R. Chartier, Erin Michelle Buchanan, Maximilian Primbs
Bibliographic record
VenueProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · 2022
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldPsychology
TopicCOVID-19 and Mental Health
Canadian institutionsUniversité du Québec à MontréalConcordia UniversityMcGill UniversityWilfrid Laurier UniversitySimon Fraser UniversityCanada Research ChairsUniversity of the Fraser ValleyUniversity of Toronto
FundersEuropean Social FundNemzeti Kutatási, Fejlesztési és Innovaciós AlapHelse Sør-Øst RHFLeibniz-GemeinschaftAustralian Research CouncilNational Institute of Mental HealthSocial Sciences and Humanities Research Council of CanadaHuo Family FoundationNemzeti Kutatási Fejlesztési és Innovációs HivatalJapan Society for the Promotion of ScienceVedecká Grantová Agentúra MŠVVaŠ SR a SAVKnut och Alice Wallenbergs StiftelseNarodowym Centrum NaukiAmazon Web ServicesUniversity of PennsylvaniaUniversiteit GentUniversità degli Studi di PadovaMinistero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della RicercaStudienstiftung des Deutschen VolkesHungarian Scientific Research FundMinisterio de Economía y CompetitividadNederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk OnderzoekAgence Nationale de la RechercheDipartimenti di EccellenzaDeutsche ForschungsgemeinschaftFundacja na rzecz Nauki PolskiejBijzonder Onderzoeksfonds UGentEuropean CommissionAssociation for Psychological ScienceNorges ForskningsrådAgentúra na Podporu Výskumu a VývojaPennsylvania State UniversityNational Research University Higher School of EconomicsKingston UniversityUniverzita Karlova v PrazeEducation University of Hong KongNational Science FoundationUniversity of MinnesotaCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
KeywordsPandemicCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)Social distance2019-20 coronavirus outbreakSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)VirologyDistancingPsychologyMedicineOutbreakInfectious disease (medical specialty)
Abstract
Finding communication strategies that effectively motivate social distancing continues to be a global public health priority during the COVID-19 pandemic. This cross-country, preregistered experiment (n = 25,718 from 89 countries) tested hypotheses concerning generalizable positive and negative outcomes of social distancing messages that promoted personal agency and reflective choices (i.e., an autonomy-supportive message) or were restrictive and shaming (i.e., a controlling message) compared with no message at all. Results partially supported experimental hypotheses in that the controlling message increased controlled motivation (a poorly internalized form of motivation relying on shame, guilt, and fear of social consequences) relative to no message. On the other hand, the autonomy-supportive message lowered feelings of defiance compared with the controlling message, but the controlling message did not differ from receiving no message at all. Unexpectedly, messages did not influence autonomous motivation (a highly internalized form of motivation relying on one’s core values) or behavioral intentions. Results supported hypothesized associations between people’s existing autonomous and controlled motivations and self-reported behavioral intentions to engage in social distancing. Controlled motivation was associated with more defiance and less long-term behavioral intention to engage in social distancing, whereas autonomous motivation was associated with less defiance and more short- and long-term intentions to social distance. Overall, this work highlights the potential harm of using shaming and pressuring language in public health communication, with implications for the current and future global health challenges.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.007
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.011
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.007
Threshold uncertainty score0.039
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.011 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Opus teacher head0.151
GPT teacher head0.456
Teacher spread0.305 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".
Quick stats
Citations46
Published2022
Admission routes2
Has abstractyes