PROBABILISTIC SILHOUETTE-BASED CLOSE-RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRY USING A NOVEL 3D OCCUPANCY-BASED RECONSTRUCTION
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract. Digital three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of objects has many applications in computer vision, archaeology, and the entertainment industry. Digital 3D reconstruction can be used to preserve the appearance of valuable historical artifacts; it can be used to track the pose of an object in the images, and it can facilitate object modelling. 3D reconstruction of objects in the past has been achieved using many sensors such as cameras and laser-strip scanners. Monocular camera-based object 3D modelling can be categorized into sparse feature detector/descriptor-based and dense silhouette-based approaches. Feature-based methods identify distinctive features on the objects (captured from many images). In contrast, silhouette-based methods only require a distinguishable boundary between the object and the background. Silhouette-based methods have the advantage that in the controlled setups, a special background can be designed to be distinguishable from the object of interest; therefore, uniquely identifiable textures on the object’s surface are not required. Despite their advantages, silhouette-based probabilistic reconstruction remains a challenge. This article proposes a new probabilistic approach using 3D occupancy grids for the silhouette-based digital reconstruction of an object. The proposed method is designed to be usable with monocular cameras and achieves an accurate reconstruction using only sixteen images. Compared to similar silhouette-based volumetric approaches, the voxels are not discarded immediately during the reconstruction, and the occupancy grid mapping continuously changes the occupancy probability of the voxels with each new image included.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".