The Coexistence of Upper and Lower Body Segmental Infantile Hemangiomas
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objectives: PHACE and LUMBAR are distinct regional malformation sequences with a suspected shared pathogenesis. A dedicated case series illustrating an overlap between these entities has not been published. The purpose of this study was to characterize patients with both upper and lower body segmental infantile hemangiomas (sIHs) and congenital anomalies in an effort to further elucidate their etiology. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of cases at 6 centers carrying a diagnosis of upper and lower body sIHs. A study instrument, including a map of cutaneous hemangiomas and congenital anomalies, was completed for each patient. A literature review for similar cases was conducted. Results: We identified 13 patients with both upper and lower body sIHs. 85% were female. Upper body sIH most commonly involved the periauricular region (62%), frontotemporal (54%), maxillary (54%), and mandibular (54%) segments. Lower body sIH were most frequently on the buttocks (77%), posterior thigh (62%), and anterior thigh (54%). Cerebrovascular (69%) and cardiac abnormalities (38%) were common. All 8 previously unreported cases demonstrated minimal, arrested growth (IH-MAG) of at least 1 sIH. We identified an additional 9 cases only partially meeting our criteria. Conclusions: In our cohort, certain reproducible embryological vascular patterns described in the literature seem to govern the distribution of sIH. The prevalence of periauricular involvement deserves additional exploration. Our characterization of patients only partially meeting criteria supports the concept that segmental patterns themselves carry risk for congenital anomalies and may merit additional evaluation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".