Exploring the effect of atrazine exposure on the reproductive capacity of <i>Daphnia magna</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Atrazine is an herbicide commonly used for weed control in crops and on turf, but environmental contamination with atrazine causes endocrine disruption leading to reproductive defects in humans and freshwater organisms. The molecular and cellular mechanisms causing these reproductive deficiencies remain largely unknown. Thus, the purpose of this study is to explore the reproductive consequence of atrazine exposure at the molecular and cellular level in the freshwater planktonic crustacean, Daphnia magna. Results show that exposure of D. magna to high atrazine concentration of 1000 or 2000 μg/L reduced the number of the first set of offspring born at least 5 days after atrazine exposure. D. magna exposed to these atrazine concentrations exhibited DNA fragmentation, nuclear condensation and fragmentation in the ovaries, and caspase-3 protein activation in both the ovaries and embryos in the brood chamber. No obvious DNA fragmentation, nuclear condensation and fragmentation, or caspase-3 activation was seen in other tissues. These findings suggest that high environmental concentrations of atrazine specifically induce apoptosis in reproductive tissues, which could account for the decline in the number of offspring in D. magna exposed to high concentrations of atrazine.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".