Preventing Interdiffusion during Synthesis of Ni-Rich Core–Shell Cathode Materials
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Surface reactions between Ni-rich cathode materials and electrolytes limit the achievable specific capacity and lifetime in the high energy density Li-ion batteries based on these cathode materials. A core–shell approach, which contains a less reactive shell-phase on top of a high-capacity core-phase, can be used to reduce these surface reactions. However, interdiffusion of the elements in the core and shell phases can occur during calcination, which limits the choice of elements to be used in the shell phase and the temperature window of synthesis, and often increases the minimum shell thickness. Tungsten oxide (WO3) coating on the surface of precursors leads to the formation of LixWyOz secondary phases during the heat treatment with LiOH·H2O. These LixWyOz phases infuse into the grain boundaries and prevent interdiffusion between the core and shell phases. Tungsten-containing Ni-rich core–shell cathode materials with Mn- or Al-based shells show enhanced electrochemical performance because of reduced surface reactivity due to the core–shell microstructure and additional mechanical strength owing to the presence of LixWyOz phases in the grain boundaries.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it