Conversion of Reactive Carbon Solutions into CO at Low Voltage and High Carbon Efficiency
Bibliographic record
Abstract
High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Electrolyzers are now capable of reducing carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) into products at high reaction rates but are often characterized by low energy efficiencies and low CO 2 utilization efficiencies. We report here an electrolyzer that reduces 3.0 M KHCO 3 (aq) into CO(g) at a high rate (partial current density for CO of 220 mA cm –2 ) and a CO 2 utilization efficiency of 40%, at a voltage of merely 2.3 V. These results were made possible by using: (i) a reactive carbon solution enriched in KHCO 3 as the feedstock instead of gaseous CO 2; (ii) a cation exchange membrane instead of an anion exchange membrane, which is common to the field; and (iii) the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) at the anode instead of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The voltage reported here is the lowest reported for any CO 2 to CO electrolyzer that operates at high current densities (i.e., a partial current density for CO greater than 200 mA cm –2 ) with a CO 2 utilization efficiency of greater than 20%. This study highlights how the choice of feedstock, membrane, and anode chemistries affects the rate and efficiency at which CO 2 is converted into products.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".