The characterization, occurrence, and mobility of antibiotic resistant bacteria, antibiotic resistance genes, and plasmids isolated from urban wastewater treatment plants.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Throughout the decades, there has been an increase in the prevalence and the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) within the bacterial populations found in various environments. The continual use of antibiotics has contributed to a higher state of resistance in microorganisms and is recognized as a threat to global public health. The spread of ARGs within a bacterial population is still poorly understood, although, wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have been recognized as ‘hotspots’ for the dissemination and proliferation of ARGs. More research is required to further our understanding of the occurrence and mobility of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB), ARGs, and plasmids within densely populated microbial environments such as in WWTPs. The first objective investigated the presence of tetracycline resistant and tetracycline sensitive bacteria and characterized them based on identity, morphology, and antibiotic resistance patterns. It was found that tetracycline resistant and sensitive populations differed greatly in composition. In addition, isolates that were resistant to tetracycline were more likely to carry resistances to other antibiotics, unlike sensitive ones. The knowledge acquired from this research will shed light upon resistance patterns and routes that can occur in a complex WWTP microbial population. The second objective investigated the presence, host range, and characterization of plasmids found in both antibiotic resistant and sensitive isolates. The members belonging to the phylum Enterobacteriaceae were found to be the main carriers of plasmids. Numerous plasmids with conjugative properties, type secretion systems, antibiotic resistance genes, and virulence factors were identified among the selected cultures. The genetic information obtained will contribute to the understanding of the role plasmids play in the mobility, host range, metabolic function, virulence, and the spread of ARGs. The last objective monitored the conjugative transfer of two novel plasmids, pNT36-3, and pNT36-4, between two environmental strains of Escherichia coli NT36 and EB-G3. Furthermore, the effects of subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics on plasmid transfer are also examined. In the presence of 1 μg/mL of carbenicillin, the plasmid transfer rate significantly increased while decreasing in the presence of other antibiotics. Understanding the environmental conditions, host requirements, and occurrence of plasmid transfer will bring about great insight in understanding gene transfer between environmental bacteria.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".