PAHs in the North Atlantic Ocean and the Arctic Ocean: Spatial Distribution and Water Mass Transport
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In the Arctic Ocean, it is still unclear what role oceanic transport plays in the fate of semivolatile organic compounds. The strong‐stratified Arctic Ocean undergoes complex inputs and outputs of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the neighboring oceans and continents. To better understand PAHs’ transport processes and their contribution to high‐latitude oceans, surface seawater, and water column, samples were collected from the North Atlantic Ocean and the Arctic Ocean in 2012. The spatial distribution of dissolved PAHs (∑ 9 PAH) in surface seawater showed an “Arctic Shelf > Atlantic Ocean > Arctic Basin” pattern, with a range of 0.3–10.2 ng L −1 . Positive matrix factorization modeling results suggested that vehicle emissions and biomass combustion were the major PAHs sources in the surface seawater. According to principal component analysis, PAHs in different water masses showed unique profiles indicating their different origins. Carried by the Norwegian Atlantic Current (0–800 m) and East Greenland Current (0–300 m), PAH individuals’ net transport mass fluxes ranged from −4.4 ± 1.7 to 53 ± 39 tons year −1 to the Arctic Ocean. We suggested the limited contribution of ocean currents on PAHs’ delivery to the Arctic Ocean, but their role in modulating PAHs’ air–sea interactions and other biogeochemical processes needs further studies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".