Mechanical Behavior of Piles in Typical Unsaturated Expansive and Collapsible Soils Upon Water Infiltration
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Pile foundations are widely used in all types of soils including expansive and collapsible soils that are typically found in nature in a state of unsaturated condition. Opposite trends in volume change behavior are typically observed when water infiltrates into expansive and collapsible soils. The design of pile foundations in these soils is conventionally based on saturated soil mechanics assuming drained conditions ignoring the influence of unsaturated conditions. In this study, infiltration tests were performed on two model piles; one of these piles was tested in an expansive soil and the other in a collapsible soil. The focus of this study was to determine the pile mechanical behavior including the pile head load, displacement response, pile axial force, shaft friction, and pile base pressure taking account of suction changes associated with water infiltration. The pile mechanical behavior is significantly influenced due to changes in the pile shaft friction in both expansive and collapsible soils. The responses of the pile mechanical behavior variations were explained extending the concepts of unsaturated soil mechanics. The results of this study provide valuable information for the practicing engineers to gain a more comprehensive understanding of mechanical behaviors of pile foundations in expansive soils and collapsible soils upon water infiltration.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".