Maternal Android Adiposity and Vitamin D Status in Lactation Are Positive Predictors of Child Adiposity and Vitamin D Status at 2 Years of Age: A Follow-Up Study From Montréal
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that fetal exposure to both maternal excess adiposity and low maternal vitamin D status is associated with body composition of the children. The objective was to explore whether maternal android adiposity and maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) during early lactation relate to child adiposity and vitamin D status at 2 years of age. The present study is a follow-up of a sub-group who completed a double-blinded randomized parallel group-controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation (400 or 1000 IU/d) across infancy (NCT02563015). In this follow-up, 68 (49%) children (37 males, 31 females) returned at 24 months of age; the study was closed at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic precluding follow-up in the remainder. Body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) and serum 25(OH)D (immunoassay) were measured at baseline (0.2–1.5 mo postpartum) in mothers and at 24 months of age in children. Data were analyzed using a linear fixed effects model with covariates (sex, skin tone, child age, maternal 25(OH)D concentrations, parental age, and maternal android fat mass) followed by Tukey post hoc tests adjusted for multiple comparisons. At baseline, mothers were 31.6 (range: 19.9, 41.4) years with mean serum 25(OH)D 66.0 ± 25.3 nmol/L, percentage fat mass was 33.8 ± 5.4% and android fat mass 217.9 ± 79.7 g. In children at 24-months, mean serum 25(OH)D was above the cut-point for sufficiency of 50 nmol/L and not different between males and females (males: 82.0 ± 17.6 and females: 76.5 ± 14.0 nmol/L, P = 0.16). Postpartum maternal serum 25(OH)D was a positive predictor of children's 25(OH)D concentrations (β = 0.25 ± 0.08 nmol/L, P = 0.0031) at 24 months. Similarly, postpartum maternal android fat mass was a positive correlate of children's android fat mass (β = 0.03 ± 0.01 g, P = 0.0201). Maternal gynoid fat mass was not related to children's gynoid fat mass (P = 0.76). Overall, female children had higher android and gynoid fat mass compared to male counterparts (P = 0.0348). Maternal android adiposity and maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D are separate important modifiable correlates of children adiposity and vitamin D status at 2 years of age. These findings reinforce the importance of maternal programming of body composition and vitamin D status in children. The Canadian Institutes of Health Research.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".