Mild Cognitive Impairment Is Associated With Markers of Muscle Weakness and Reduced Bone Density, and Specific Metabolic Alterations Despite Preserved Physical Activity
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bone loss and frailty commonly occur in people with dementia residing in nursing homes and lead to increased risk of disabilities and poor health outcomes. Whether these systemic manifestations and related metabolic disturbances are present in older adults with Mild Cognitive impairment (MCI), who are still physically active, remains unclear. Community dwelling older adults without confounding comorbidities were divided, using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score cut-off of 26, into two groups: non-MCI (n = 18; age: 67.3 [63.3, 71.2 y]) and MCI (n = 20; age: 71.3 [66.9, 75.7 y]). Body composition (by DXA), respiratory strength (by mouth pressure), and extremity strength (by dynamometer) were assessed. Stable isotope techniques were used to measure production and plasma concentrations of amino acids involved in muscle, bone, and brain health (tau-methylhistidine, hydroxyproline, glycine, tryptophan). Plasma enrichments were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Statistics performed by ANCOVA with age, gender, and BMI as covariates. Significance set at P < 0.05. Results expressed as means [95% CI]. MCI participants (MoCA score: 22.5 [21.3, 23.6]) had lower respiratory muscle strength (p = 0.007) than the non-MCI group (MoCA score: 28.2 [27.5, 28.8]) but muscle mass and daily physical activity were not different. Bone density of the spine (p = 0.02) and hip (p = 0.07) were lowest in those with the lowest MoCA scores. The MCI group had lower concentrations of glycine (p = 0.0045), tryptophan corrected for large neutral amino acids (p = 0.0017), and productions of glycine (p = 0.0085), tau-methylhistidine (p = 0.05), and tryptophan (p = 0.06). MoCA score was negatively associated with plasma triglyceride (p = 0.02) and liver enzyme (AST) level (p = 0.01), but not with glucose or CRP levels. Older adults with MCI are prone to low bone density and respiratory muscle weakness despite preserved physical activity. Whether these systemic manifestations are causally related to the observed metabolic alterations in MCI deserves further investigation. None
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".