The interactions of a circular synthetic jet with a turbulent crossflow
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The three-dimensional flow of a circular synthetic jet interacting with a turbulent crossflow is investigated with unsteady Reynold-Averaged Navier–Stokes simulations. The effects of jet momentum are examined using three blowing ratios (CB=0.32, 0.67, and 1.10) at constant actuation frequency (f=300 Hz), approach crossflow Reynolds number, Reθ=900, and boundary layer thickness, δ/d=7.25, where d is the jet diameter. The results showed that the expelled jet is accompanied by a reverse flow region on the downstream side which undergoes alternating expansion and contraction during the jet cycle. The size of the reverse flow region and depth of penetration increased with increasing jet momentum. For the low momentum jet, the expelled flow structure evolved into a hairpin vortex which significantly enhanced the wall shear stress in the spanwise direction and near the jet exit. The higher momentum jets, on the other hand, exhibited strong vortex loops around the expelled jet column that transitioned into trailing vortex pairs and a tilted vortex ring further downstream. Along the wall, both horseshoe vortex upstream of the jet exit and tertiary vortices downstream were found attached to the wall. The strong tertiary vortices promoted downwash of fluids which significantly enhanced the wall shear stress along the symmetry plane for the medium and high momentum jets. The impact of the tertiary vortices increased with the jet momentum, offering greater potential for flow separation control.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".