Muon Spin Rotation/Resonance (μSR) for Studying Radical Reactivity of Unsaturated Organophosphorus Compounds
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The positive muon ( μ + ) can be regarded as a light isotope of proton and has been an important tool to study radical reactions of organic compounds. Recently, muons have been applied to produce short‐lived paramagnetic species from the heavier unsaturated organic molecules including the p‐block elements. This article overviews recent muon spin rotation/resonance (μSR) studies on the phosphorus analogs of alkenes, anthracenes, and cyclobutane‐1,3‐diyls together with the fundamentals of μSR. The acyclic phosphaalkene of P=C and phosphasilenes of P=Si can accept muonium (Mu=[ μ + e − ]) at the heavier double bonds, and the corresponding radicals have been characterized. The phosphorus atom in 9‐phosphaanthracene, whose P=C double bond is stabilized by the peri ‐substituted CF 3 groups, predominantly captures muonium to provide the corresponding paramagnetic fused heterocyclic system. The peri‐ trifluoromethyl groups are functional to promote the unprecedented light isotope effect of muon providing the planar three‐cyclic molecular structure to consume the increased zero‐point energy. The formally open‐shell singlet 1,3‐diphosphacyclobutane‐2,4‐diyl unit can accept muonium at the (ylidic) phosphorus or the skeletal radicalic carbon, and the corresponding paramagnetic phosphorus heterocycles can be characterized by μSR. The findings on these muoniation processes to the unsaturated phosphorus‐containing compounds will contribute not only to development of novel paramagnetic functional species but also to progress on muon science.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".